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The thermal efficiency depends mainly on the compression ratio ɛ, which is limited by the knock tendency (i.e., tendency toward spontaneous ignition of the fuel, which is characterized by the octane number). 20A) is the universal engine for all fuels of low inflammability, especially gasoline (a mixture of several hydrocarbons), but also liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol and ethanol (alcohols), and hydrogen.
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Hans Joachim Förster, Hermann Gaus, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003 IV.C.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Through the results obtained it was intended to establish whether 60% is a practical limit for the approach or whether there would be benefit in further downsizing, and that such a downsized engine could in itself provide a route to a 35% reduction in vehicle tailpipe CO 2 (importantly, without the use of hybridization other than a Stop/Start system). Consequently the Ultraboost project was formed with the major tasks of specifying, designing, building and operating an engine with a minimum of 60% downsizing factor. To date production downsized engines have generally been configured with a DF in the region of approximately 40%, with one research engine shown with this value at 50%. There are significant synergies with other commonplace technologies such as direct injection (DI) and camshaft phasing devices, too. This is normally done by pressure charging the engine, with turbocharging generally being favoured because it allows some exhaust gas energy recovery. These savings can help to offset the additive technologies required to recover the power output, because some means of increasing specific output has to be provided to retain installed power in a vehicle. Thermal losses also improve and, in the case of downsizing and ‘decylindering’ from a Vee-configuration engine to an in-line one, crevice volume losses can be markedly reduced and there are potentially significant bill of materials (BOM) and manufacturing cost savings, too. Where η mech is the mechanical efficiency, p ¯ brake is the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and p ¯ ind is the gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). At the same time, the mechanical efficiency increases, this being defined as The advantages of downsizing a 4-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine stem chiefly from shifting the operating points used in the engine map for any given flywheel torque, so that the throttle is wider-open to the benefit of reduced pumping losses. To the OEM the attractions of a downsizing strategy include that gasoline engine technology is very cost-effective to produce versus diesel engines (especially when the costs of the exhaust after treatment (EAT) system are included), that there are still significant efficiency gains to be made due to the losses associated with the 4-stroke Otto cycle, and that pursuing the technology does not entail investing in completely new production facilities (as would be required by a quantum shift to electric or fuel-cell vehicles, for example). Where DF is the downsizing factor, V Swep t NA is the swept volume of a naturally-aspirated engine of a given power output and V Swep t Downsized is the swept volume of a similarly-powerful downsized alternative. Sometimes due to the enormous heat, thermal stress in built-up inside the engine, so to minimize the stress we need to keep the engine temperature as low as possible.Eqn 1 DF = V Swep t NA − V Swep t Downsized V Swep t NA ,.So to avoid that we need to use a cooling system. As we know, we also need lubrication system to the proper functioning of the engine, but due to the high heat, the property of lubricating oil can be changed.So we need to use the cooling system to dissipate the heat as much as possible. During the operation of an engine, the temperature inside the engine can go up to 2500 degree centigrade (Source: How Stuff Works), which is above the melting point of the components used to make the engine.The need of cooling system in an IC Engine because of the following reason:
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